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Comoros, the, officially Union of the Comoros, republic (1995 est. pop. 549,000), 718 sq mi (1,862 sq km), occupying most of the Comoro Islands, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, between the African coast and Madagascar. The capital is Moroni. It consists of three volcanic main islandsNjazidja, Nzwani, and Mwali (formerly Grande-Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli, respectively)as well as numerous coral reefs and islets. A fourth island, Mayotte, is administered by France but claimed by the Comoros. Because of poor soil, lack of natural resources, and overpopulation, the islands have severe economic problems. Most of the population is engaged in agriculture, involving subsistence crops and the production of vanilla, copra, and essential oils for export. The people are of mixed African, Arab, Malay, and Indian descent. French and Arabic are the official languages, but most people speak a local blend of Swahili and Arabic. The state religion is Islam.
History
Originally populated by immigrants from Africa, Indonesia, and Arabia, the islands were ceded to the French between 1841 and 1909. After occupation by the British in World War II, they were granted administrative autonomy within the French Union (1946) and internal self-government (1968). In 1974 the islands voted to become independent, except for Mayotte, which chose to remain under French control. In 1978 the Comoros was proclaimed a federal Islamic republic; shortly thereafter, a one-party state was formed under Pres. Ahmed Abdallah Abderrahman. After his assassination in 1989, Saïd Mohamed Djohar became interim president and subsequently won election in a multiparty contest. He survived an impeachment attempt in 1991 and several coup attempts. In 1996 Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim was elected president. In 1997 rebels took control of the islands of Nzwani and Mwali, declaring their secession and desire to return to French rule. In 1999 the islands were granted greater autonomy. Following a coup in Apr. 1999, Col. Azali Assoumani assumed the Comoran presidency. Nzwani voted (2000) for indepedence, but in 2001 forces favoring reuniting with the Comoros seized power there, and a Comoran referendum approved additional autonomy for the three islands. Azali resigned (2002) prior to new elections, and Prime Min. Hamada Madi became interim president. After two disputed elections, Azali was declared president in May 2002.
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