Objectives to design the lay-out of a sewer network, to formulate criteria for the hydraulic design of sewers and pumping stations, to carry out the hydraulic computation of sanitary and combined sewers, storm drains, including appurtenances and pumping stations; to explain the operational and maintenance requirements of sewerage systems

Syllabus Wastewater collection: Characteristics of combined and separate sewer systems, waste water quantities, hydraulic design of pipelines, hydraulic grade lines, minimum slopes, design criteria, lay-out of sewer systems, materials, appurtenances, overflows, syphons, operation and maintenance.

Design exercise of combined or separate sanitary sewer system: lay-out, design criteria, hydraulic calculation.

Storm drainage: Distribution of rainfall, rainfall-runoff relationships, rainfall intensities, runoff, rational method. Storm water systems, hydraulic design of open drains and culverts, hydraulic grade lines, minimum slopes, design criteria, lay-out of drains, materials, structures, culverts, operation and maintenance.

Design exercise of storm water system: lay-out, design criteria, hydraulic calculation. Use of computer programme.

Pumping stations: Design requirements for pumping stations in sewerage and storm drainage systems and sludge lines. Computation of pipeline characteristics. Review of pump types, characteristics of pumps and their applications. Lay-out and design of sewer pumping stations. Power requirements and energy consumption. Sluice and non-return valves, auxiliary equipment. Characteristics, construction, installation and operation of valves. Construction materials for pumps. Driving devices. Shaft sealing for motors.

Design exercise for waste water pumping station or for urban drainage pumping station: pipeline characteristics, selection of pump type and pumps, lay-out of pumping station.

Objectives to design the lay-out of a water transport and distribution system, to formulate criteria for the hydraulic design of conduits, structures and pumping stations and to carry out the hydraulic computation of water conduits, including structures and pumping stations; to understand and explain the operational and maintenance requirements of water supply networks, including leak survey and rehabilitation of water mains.

Syllabus Water transport and distribution: Types of systems, water demand, design period, reliability, flexibility, phased construction, economic diameter. Design procedures. Ground and elevated water reservoirs. Computation of networks: Hardy Cross, equivalence method. Optimization of networks. Materials, appurtenances, water metering, domestic installations: safety devices. Operation and maintenance. Leak detection: inspection, equipment, methods, control. Rehabilitation of water mains. Modeling of water supply systems, data management systems.

Design exercise of a water transport and distribution system: lay-out, design criteria, preliminary sizing of conduits, hydraulic calculation. Use of computer programme.

Pumping stations: Design requirements for pumping stations in water supply, sewerage and storm drainage systems and sludge lines. Computation of pipeline characteristics. Review of pump types, characteristics of pumps and their applications. Cavitation. Lay-out and design of water supply pumping stations. Power requirements and energy consumption in water distribution systems. Gate and non-return valves, pressure reducing valves, auxiliary equipment. Characteristics, construction, installation and operation of valves. Construction materials for pumps. Driving devices. Shaft sealing for motors.

Design exercise for a water distribution pumping station: pipeline characteristics, selection of pump type and pumps, lay-out of pumping station.

Water hammer: water hammer in pressure conduits: pressure waves. Influence of pipe characteristics and valve/pump operations.

Objective To perform chemical calculations on (ground) water quality parameters; to assess ground water quality data and calculate missing parameter values from available data; to evaluate and qualify possible impacts of various pollution sources on groundwater quality.

Syllabus Environmental quality: Environmental quality parameters, cycles of flow, natural composition of water, air and soil; classification of pollutants. Water quality standards. Processes determining groundwater quality. Chemical components affecting groundwater quality. Natural components. Sources of groundwater pollution. Processes affecting groundwater quality and pollution.

Water chemistry: Buffers and pH equilibria, precipitation reactions, reaction kinetics, properties of elements, thermodynamics and organic chemistry. Water quality processes, colloid chemistry, applications in water engineering. Workshops: exercises on water chemistry, chemical calculations.

Objective to know and understand major microbiological species, growth and transformation processes in aerobic and anaerobic water treatment; to mathematically describe chemical and microbiological processes applied in natural and man made reactors; to perform, explain and report on chemical and microbiological laboratory experiments.

Syllabus Microbiology and Public Health: Basic principles of microbial transformations of matter in natural processes as well as in biological treatment systems, morphology, physiology, growth kinetics, classification and ecology of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses. Aerobic and anaerobic processes: assimilation, dissimilation, nitrification, denitrification, phosphorus uptake, sulphate reduction. Review of water-related diseases, classification, impact; occurrence in Palestine, registration, organization of Public Health service. Control and prevention of disease transmission by sanitary engineering action.

Environmental process technology (EPT): Mass balance analysis; reactor models, continuous versus non-continuous operation (CFSTR, PFR and Batch). Residence time distribution, tracer response curves and diagnosis of reactor performance. Chemical and microbial reaction kinetics. Application of mass balance analysis and reaction kinetics in the description of microbial systems, with and withoubiomass recirculation.

Laboratory water chemistry and microbiology: Water chemistry: (redox) reactions of electrolytes, titrimetry and colorimetry. Acidity, alkalinity, hardness, breakpoint chlorination, determination of organic pollution, ammonia, Kjeldahl nitrogen. Advanced instrumental analyses (optional). Waste water chemistry: analyses of physical and chemical waste water parameters.

Microbiological processes: Isolation and examination of important groups of micro-organisms, mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, sulphate reduction and methane formation. Coliform bacteria.

Objective To select unit processes in water treatment on the basis of raw water quality and required drinking water standards; to select unit processes in waste water treatment on the basis of waste water composition and required effluent standards; to determine treatment efficiencies of individual unit processes related to selected design criteria; to develop unit process flow sheets for water treatment processes; to develop unit process flow sheets for waste water treatment processes. To perform, explain and report on unit process laboratory experiments.

Syllabus Water treatment: Composition of ground water and surface water. Standards for drinking water quality. Chemical and biological processes in water distribution networks, measurement of water quality, sampling, monitoring and control of water quality in distribution systems. Exercise water quality control: sampling procedures, evaluation of water quality. Development of an adequate water control system, equipment and materials requirements. Water treatment: disinfection (chlorination), removal of iron, manganese, rapid filtration. Slow sand filtration. Water stabilization. Desalination. Development of flow sheets, performance of treatment units. Design-exercise: comparison of various treatment methods for groundwater. Laboratory: sedimentation, filtration, coagulation, analytical techniques for water quality parameters.

Waste water treatment: Composition of domestic and industrial waste water, effluent standards in relation to re-use. Screening, grit removal, primary sedimentation, activated sludge (sludge load, oxygen supply, recirculation, aeration), trickling filters (biofilms, hydraulic loading, biological loading, recirculation, ventilation), algae and aerated lagoons (loading, oxygen supply, operation), anaerobic systems (reactors, loading, operation), sludge drying beds, sludge disposal. Development of flow sheets, performance of treatment units.

Design exercise waste water treatment: Comparison of alternative treatment methods for treatment of domestic waste water. Engineering design. Laboratory: aeration, performance oxygen supply, hindered settling.

Syllabus Hydrology: Review of the principles of hydrology; hydrological cycle, catchment, water balance, human interference. Precipitation: formation, measurement areal rainfall, data analysis. Evaporation: types of evaporation, meteorological aspects and other factors affecting evaporation, empirical formulae and physically based theories to estimate actual and potential evapotranspiration. Subsurface water: infiltration, water in the unsaturated zone, readily available moisture, water uptake by crops, groundwater recharge, ground water runoff, interaction between groundwater and surface water. Surface runoff and channel flow; basic equations, measurement of stages and discharges, data processing, rating curves, flow routing routes. Rainfall-runoff relationships: empirical and physically based relations, losses, unit hydrograph methods, event and regime type models.

Statistical Analysis of hydrological data: Statistical distributions of hydrological variables; Statistical Descriptors, Estimation of mean, variance, skew and kurtosis; Statistical tests. Analysis of stationary and non-stationary hydrological data series. Multivariate analysis; correlation matrix; cross-correlogram; regression; non-linear regression. transfer function model. spatial description: spatial hydrological variables; spatial variability, kriging, probability and extreme-value distributions (normal, lognormal, gamma, beta, Pearson and log-Pearson type III), estimation of parameters. Testing goodness of fit; statistical hypotheses, types of error, significance level.

Workshop: surface and groundwater time series analysis. Analysis of spatial distribution of meteorological, surface- and groundwater data. Monitoring network design.

Syllabus Introduction: the origin, occurrence and domain of groundwater.

Aquifer systems in sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous geological formations.

Physical properties of aquifers, principles of groundwater hydraulics and groundwater balances.

Groundwater exploitation and consequences, artificial recharge.

Groundwater quality, pollution and aspects of saline groundwater.

Objectives to know the composition of various kinds of solid wastes and the environmental hazards they pose; to evaluate the best means of collection and disposal of solid waste; to design a sanitary landfill; to select the most appropriate techniques in assessing potential environmental impacts of (industrial) activities and projects; to apply principles of cleaner production in an existing Palestinian industry.

Syllabus Solid waste management: Composition of solid waste, hospital waste, industrial waste. Collection and transport; separate collection, re-use and recycling. Disposal and treatment of waste: sanitary landfill (leachate, lay-out, design, operation), disposal of hospital and toxic waste, biogas abstraction.

Exercise on solid waste collection and disposal: development of collection system and sanitary landfill. Composting (aerobic), dry anaerobic composting. Review of solid waste incineration.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA): Basic procedures, legislation, methodologies. Some procedures in a number of developed and developing countries. EIA: examination of objectives, process elements and scope of EIA.

Exercise on EIA: case study: formulate objectives, define procedure, determine quantitative or qualitative impact, planning of implementation

Cleaner production: Waste minimization and pollution prevention through cleaner production: Strategy to processes, products, use of products and human behavior. Elimination or minimization of toxic matter. Conservation of energy and raw materials.

Exercise cleaner production: develop a strategy for an existing industry in Palestine.

Objectives To compare treatment alternatives in terms of technical and economical performance (also addressing operation and maintenance); to select a waste water treatment process; to prepare an engineering design of a waste water treatment plant; to evaluate possibilities and limitations for the use of treated sewage; selection of unit processes and development of flow sheets for industrial waste water in Palestine.

Syllabus Biological systems: Treatment systems: suspended film reactors (nutrient removal, oxygen supply, aeration systems), fixed film reactors (trickling filters, biodiscs), slow sand filters, anaerobic reactors (UASB); operation of plants.

Sludge treatment and disposal: compaction processes, thickening, review of techniques. Anaerobsludge digestion: loading, detention time, construction, operation performance. Dewatering: drying beds and lagoons, review of mechanical dewatering systems. Flow sheets, performance of treatment units.

Design exercise waste water treatment: Comparison of alternative treatment methods for treatment of domestic waste water. Engineering design.

Reuse of wastewater in agriculture: Re-use of waste water in agriculture: health aspects, effluent standards in relation to agricultural use and to irrigation system, irrigation methods, tertiary treatment, salt tolerance, leaching requirements, water storage. Design examples.

Re-use of waste water for groundwater recharge: soil permeability, quality improvement, health aspects, precipitation of pollutants in soil, operation and maintenance of recharge basins.

Industrial waste water: Industrial waste water: composition of industrial waste water, pretreatment of industrial waste water, requirements for discharge into sewers. Physical, chemical and biological processes for treatment of typical food and chemical processing industries. Alternative production processes to minimize waste. Examples. Laboratory: advanced instrumental analyses for determination of waste water parameters and micro pollutants.

Objectives To compare ground water treatment alternatives in terms of technical and economical performance (also addressing operation and maintenance); to select a ground water treatment process; to prepare an engineering design of a ground water treatment plant; to compare desalination process alternatives in terms of technical and economical performance (also addressing operation and maintenance); to select a desalination process and to prepare an engineering design of a desalination plant.

Syllabus Water treatment systems: Disinfection: chlorination, ozonization, UV light. Rapid filtration. Slow sand filtration. Coagulation, sedimentation. Water stabilization, softening. Removal of toxic matter. Membrane filtration, de-de-fluoridation. Flow sheets. Design and operation of treatment systems.

Exercise in water treatment design, operation

Industrial water supply: Review of industrial processes, quantity and quality requirements, treatment, re-use of water, cost. Examples.

Advanced water treatment methods: Desalination: Flash evaporation, electrodialysis, electro-chemical principles, perm-selective membranes, Membrane Electrodialysis Reversed Osmosis. Activated carbon. Ozonization. Removal of micro pollutants.

Sludge treatment and disposal: Treatment of backwash water, thickening, chemical conditioning, dewatering, disposal, re-use.

Syllabus Groundwater exploration: Introduction: initiating exploration programmes and using available geological and hydrological data, maps and cross-sections; data presentation and analysis.

Surface geophysical methods, surveying and interpretation: geo-electrical, electro-magnetic and other techniques.

Exploration drilling: drilling methods, rock and groundwater sampling, and data processing.

Borehole logging: spontaneous potential, resistivity and gamma logging techniques.

Pumping tests: definitions and classification, field procedures and determination of borehole yield and efficiency.

Well design: criteria, procedures and pump selection.

Syllabus Framework, concepts and tools: Concepts, definitions, strategic issues, activities and stakeholder-involvement in water resources management. Water demand projections, price-demand relations and demand management.

Framework for analysis: analysis, assessment, implementation and planning techniques.

Groundwater resources management: Objectives and criteria, simulation and optimisation, groundwater resources development.

Common issues and approaches: allocation problems, salinity control, pollution control, groundwater level control, land subsidence control.

Instruments and measures: structural, administrative, institutional and legislative aspects.

Syllabus Basic principles: numerical discretization in space and time, boundary conditions, steady and unsteady state flow, the groundwater balance.

Finite element methods: nodes, elements and networks, basin geometry and aquifer characteristics, hydrologic stress, initial and boundary conditions.

Model calibration: procedures, sensitivity analysis and error sources.

Model simulations: testing and selecting groundwater development scenarios.

Solute transport in porous media: dispersion theory, initial and boundary conditions.

Workshop on groundwater and solute transport modelling.

Syllabus Network design: techniques: systems analysis and design theory, statistical sampling and regionalization, characteristics and influence of hydrological processes on network design, examples of operating networks.

Groundwater monitoring: objectives, types and design of groundwater monitoring networks, statistical techniques for determination of network density and sampling frequency, networks for monitoring groundwater supply and pollution.

Data information systems: databases: data storage models, data entry, data retrieval and data management.

Data manipulation: data acquisition, validation, correction, completion and transfer.

Data analysis, report compilation and generation.

Objectives To prepare a technical and economical feasibility study by comparing alternatives in terms of environmental, technical and economical aspects; to prepare an integrated master plan on the basis of identified technical, community and institutional needs.

Syllabus Urban planning: Land use, development goals, economic factors, opportunities and constraints, strategic planning for developing an urban plan.

Financial Management: Principles: investment, discount rate, rate of return amortization, depreciation, annual equivalent cost, present value. Determination of unit cost for feasibility projects. Financial analysis: subsidization, loans, cross-subsidy, cash flow, tariffing; design example.

Project management: Planning of works, analysis of activities, bar chart, network planning, implementation, quality control. Project cycle: Project preparation, identification, appraisal and formulation, project proposal. Feasibility study. Master Plan. Tender documents. Control of infrastructure: planning of preventive maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement.

Institutional development: The authorities dealing with water supply and environmental sanitation in Palestine. Classification of organizational structures. Financial flows, institutional deficiencies. Task analysis. Guidelines for the structuring of water sector authorities. Generation of local income. Community participation: Problem identification, willingness to participate and contribute. Public information, need for user participation, organizational requirements. Participatory strategies to involve local communities and individuals.

Group work: A comprehensive feasibility study on alternatives for water supply and waste water management in an urban area in Palestine. Urban development perspectives are taken as a basis for integrated planning of infrastructural service levels. Technical, environmental, economical and financial aspects are considejointly when evaluating several alternatives